DNA is a polymer, composed of monomeric units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of ribose (a five carbon sugar) on which are attached a phosphate group as well as one of four nucleobases: Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) of Thymine (T). These four types of nucleotide monomers link up with one-another, through phosphate-sugar bonds, creating a single strand of DNA. The ordered sequence of these four types of nucleotides in strand encodes all the genetic information necessary for the organism to function. Nucleotides in a strand form strong complementary bonds with nucleotides from another strand, A with T and C with G. These bonds allow two strands of DNA to form the double-helix structure of DNA1 shown in Figure 1.1. The specificity of nucleotide bonds ensure that the two strands of the double helix are complementary and that the information contained in one strand can be recovered from the other. This ensures a certain structural stability to the DNA molecule and a way to recover the important information that could be lost due to a damaged strand.
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